Da Vinci Essay - 825 Words

Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci was born in 1452 on his father’s estate in Vinci, Italy. He received his education on the estate until the age of fifteen. Which is when his father had noticed Leonardo’s potential and had decided to send him to be an apprentice to the artist Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence. There he studied sculpture and the mechanical arts. This was also when he first developed an interest in anatomy. In 1472 Leonardo was accepted into the painters guild at Florence, where he remained for the next ten years. In 1482, Leonardo was hired by the duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, to be artist and engineer in residence. During his stay in Milan, he started to compose a unified theory of the world and to illustrate it in a†¦show more content†¦Some of the greatest artists of the time were at work in Rome for the church. In May 1506 Charles dAmboise, governor of Milan for the king of France, invited Leonardo to return to that city. His work in painting and sculpture over the next seven years remained mostly in the planning stage--in sketches that he drew but that never became paintings or statues--but his scientific work flourished. He continued his notebooks with observations and drawings of human anatomy, optics, mechanics, and botanical studies. He also did some sketches for a Medici residence in Florence that was never built. Otherwise he was lonely and unoccupied. Thus in 1516, at the age of 65, he accepted an invitation from Francis I, king of France, to leave Italy and work for him. Leonardo spent the last three years of his life in the palace of Cloux, near the kings residence at Amboise, near Tours. He was given the title of first painter, architect, and mechanic of the King and given freedom of action in what he wanted to do. Although there are many great works of Leonardo Da Vinci that I could have chosen, I am going to choose the most obvious, the Mona Lisa. I chose this piece because the impact it had on the world. No matter where you go in the world, everyone knows of the Mona Lisa. The picture is on stamps; shirts; posters; cup; and just about anything else you can think of. It one of the most wellShow MoreRelatedLeonardo Da Vinci1629 Words   |  7 PagesHistory 101 | Leonardo Da Vinci | Renaissance Pioneer | | Luis Quelhas | 11/13/2012 | | Leonardo Da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452. His father was a wealthy notary, named  Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci. His mother Caterina was a sixteen year old peasant girl. Leonardo had no surname when born and took the name Da Vinci meaning from Vinci, the small town in Florence where he was born. Throughout his life Leonardo faced many hardships. From 1457 he lived in the household ofRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci1137 Words   |  4 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci: The Renaissance man Leonardo Da Vinci was a successful man in more areas than artwork. From the time he was a boy, he began studying the arts as well as the ideas of science, medicine, machinery, and much more. Da Vinci’s history is reflected in his paintings and inventions that have been able to change the world of then and now. Leonardo’s artistic vision led him down a prosperous path of life that has made him one of the most innovative individuals the world has seen. With theRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci2094 Words   |  9 PagesRocks). These two altarpieces are being showcased in particular in this exhibition because they share a location in the same Milanese church, the San Francesco Grande, and most importantly the same artist (although this has been debated), Leonardo Da Vinci, painted both versions of the altarpiece. Further, another reason why they are being portrayed in this exhibition is due to the debates over their authenticity, even though they are 15 years apart in conception. Additionally, the two pieces shareRead More Leonardo Da Vinci Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci A Renaissance man in Renaissance times, Leonardo Da Vinci frequently defied a simple description. As a scientist, inventor, artist, and so much more, Leonardo Da Vinci’s works continue to impact our lives even now. Born on April 15th, 1452 in Anchiano (now a part of Italy), Leonardo came into a world on the brink of change. The Italian renaissance was sweeping through the peninsula during Da Vinci’s lifetime and he would soon come to be one of its foremost figures. WhileRead More Leonardo da vinci Essay923 Words   |  4 Pages Leonardo Da Vinci nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Leonardo Da Vinci was a man of many worlds. He was a great influence inhis time. Leonardo was known as many things. He was known as a sculptor, architect, writer, musician,philosopher, engineer, and scientist. But most of all he was known for his impressive paintings that influenced the world. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Leonardo was born in Anchiano, Italy on April 15, 1452, to Piero Da Vinci, a prominent publicRead MoreEssay leonardo da vinci637 Words   |  3 Pages Leonardo da Vinci Da Vinci was born April 15, 1452, and died May 2, 1519. He would wear pink to make his complexion look fresher. Leonardo never attended public school. He was raised by his single father (http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/projects/renaissance/davinci.html). In the mid-1460s the family settled in Florence, where Leonardo was given the best education that Florence, the intellectual and artistic center of Italy, could offer. In Verrocchios Baptism of Christ (http://wwwRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci : An Artist965 Words   |  4 Pages Leonardo da Vinci was born in Vinci, Italy, in the year 1452. Born into the Renaissance era, da Vinci was a possessor of a curious mind and keen intellect. He not only built his occupation as an artist, but also as a mathematician, inventor, writer, draftsman, and engineer. Although he received no formal education, da Vinci was able to understand the engineering behind many of his designs, some of which included the tank and crossbow (on a larger scale). As an artist, some of his ideal works includedRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesWhere and when was Leonardo Da Vinci born? Where there any persons or events in his early life which you believe helped shape this individuals legacy? Leonardo Da Vinci was born on April 15th 1452 in Vinci, near Florence Italy. His father, Piero Da Vinci, was a notary, and mother Caterina was a peasant girl. Soon after his birth Piero Da Vinci took custody of Leonardo because his mother left and married another man in a nearby town. At the age of 15 his father got him an apprenticeship with a renownedRead MoreDa Vinci : A Man Of Science1608 Words   |  7 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci was a man well known for his amazing artwork but not many know that he was also a man of science. Da Vinci was not just an artist he was also an architect, inventor, a naturalist, geologist, an engineer, and an anatomist. He was given the name â€Å"Renaissance man† because of his intellect. Da Vinci was born in Anchiano, Tuscany (which today is known as Italy) on April 15, 1452 until his death on May 2, 1519. When Da Vinci was young his parents were never married to one another. HisRead MoreEvaluation Of The Da Vinci1741 Words   |  7 Pagesrange of motion, and allows improved access to obstructed organs. The da Vinci Robot is a revised, upgraded and an enhanced machine from its predecessors and its original design made by Leonardo da Vinci. A company in California was able to evolve the design of the da Vinci robotic system. Four models were made by Intuitive Surgical, the standard original model, model S, model Si, and the most recent one, model Xi. The da Vinci Surgical System is now a worldwide system that is utilized for many aspects

How Cyberbully Can Teach The Youth Of Today - 1237 Words

How Cyberbully Could Teach the Youth of Today Cyberbullying is a term that is self-explanatory it is basically bullying that has on the internet, whether it be social media or texting or even email. Cyberbullying is something that happens regularly now with all the advances in technology. Cyberbully could potentially help children to learn how to cope with being cyberbullied and how to deal with bullies in general. This movie is a fantastic movie that needs to be watched by young teen in high schools everywhere to bring awareness to bullies in schools, how they affect children, and how quickly it could end badly. There have been many studies done to answer simple questions like why kids bully or why kids commit suicide. It is believed that since cyberbullying can be done anonymously that is why more people do this because they can just get away with it (â€Å"Delete Cyberbullying - Why Do People Cyberbully?†). A very famous case of someone committing suicide because of cyberb ullying, is the Amanda Todd case. Amanda posted a video about her being bullied and about her self-harm, and about a month later she hanged herself in her home. She made the video about her bullying and self-harm experience because she was being blackmailed because of pictures she sent online to someone. The movie Cyberbully starts with Taylor Hillridge, portrayed by Emily Osment, on a computer talking to her friend Samantha Caldone, portrayed by Kay Panabaker. Taylor’s mother made a fantastic point inShow MoreRelatedCyberbullying Is A Big Concern For Society Today920 Words   |  4 PagesAnyone can be mean when they’re hiding behind a computer screen, which is why cyberbullying is a big concern for society today. The younger generation often socializes and communicates online, rather than in person. They prefer to text rather than talk on the phone, and often prefer to video chat instead of meeting up in person. The use of technology makes cyberbullying much easier a nd more common, especially among teenagers. Cyberbullying is the reason for cutting, school shootings, and suicideRead MoreCyberbullying And Its Effect On Society1254 Words   |  6 Pages About 97% of today’s youth are connected to the internet in some way, and about 20-40% have experienced some form of cyberbullying at least once.1 This means that about 200-400 million people between the age of 15 and 24 have been cyberbullied. Cyberbullying has been an issue since the internet was first introduced for public use, and it is still a rising issue today. That is why it is our job to fix it. â€Å"What is cyberbullying?† you may be wondering. According to Dictionary.com, cyberbullying isRead MoreHurt, Pain, Physical And Mental Distraught Are Just A Few1597 Words   |  7 Pages pain, physical and mental distraught are just a few words that victims of cyberbullying will describe how they felt. 52% of students in America are being cyberbullied, which is half of the American students. This can lead to loss of self-esteem, feelings of shame and anxiety, difficulty in learning, emotional and physical harm, and suicide. Cyberbullying is a huge problem in our society today. Cyberbullying is taking advantage of our free speech, but there are many solutions to stop it in our societyRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects On Society Essay1931 Words   |  8 Pages Cyber-bullying The saying, if sticks and stones will break my bones, but words will never hurt me was ever true, it sure isn t true today (Alexander, 2011). The survey of 9 years olds in 35 countries found that New Zealand is the one most second highest rate of school bullying. (nzherald, 2012). Especially in this case parents really need to take a stand against bullying to help prevent it and to stop it. We as parents need to be a part of the solution, not the problem. Cyberbullying is harmfulRead MoreBullying Persuasive Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"I guess thats the point of it all. No one knows for certain how much impact they have on the lives of other people. Oftentimes, we have no clue. Yet we push it just the same† - Thirteen Reasons Why. Over 3.2 million students are victims of bullying each year. Bullying is a serious offence and shouldn’t be taken lightly, students around the world should be aware of what bullying does and how it affects the other person. Seventeen percent of American students report bullying two to threeRead MorePlaying Violent Video Games On Children965 Words   |  4 Pageschildren who play M-rated games are more likely to bully and cyberbully their peers, get into physical fights, be hostile, and show aggression towards their peers.†(Carter 32) Video games are known as ‘time-wasters’ to parents, and worse, these games can corrupt the brain. Furthermore, when playing violent video games kids can attach the game into their personal life. Some games can teach kids wrong values. Playing violent video games can cause aggression, bullying, and depression in kids. AggressionRead MoreCyberbullying : A New Form Of Bullying1203 Words   |  5 PagesEliminating Cyberbullying Bullying has had a well known status for destroying the confidence and esteem of our world’s youth for decades. Recently, a new form of bullying has emerged and has taken over the technological environment. Similar to a student physically bullying another peer, we see victims hurt after an attack over misuse of the Internet. Cyberbullying has been much harder to track than face-to-face bullying. It has also been easier for someone to attack another merciless and guiltlessRead MoreThe Bean Trees, By Barbara Kingsolver1858 Words   |  8 PagesScotty Richey’s suicide. She explains that although her school had a very distinct social hierarchy, people within a class had each other for company. Scotty, however, had nobody. As a result of the extreme isolation he faced, he committed suicide. Today, bullying is a developing issue in the world and exclusion, which Scotty faced, is just one of many forms of bullying. What Scotty experienced in the novel occurs in schools arou nd the world, and the consequences are unimaginable and horrific. In lightRead MoreEssay On Social Media1554 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom these forms that can create a whole new culture. Previous forms of communication before social media were letter writing, talking on the phone, or speaking face to face. With every generation we create a new way to function and create relationships with someone else. Comparative Perspectives Over the years, there have been many similarities between the United States and England. Both countries have only minor differences when it comes to teenager experiences. Even today with the use of FacebookRead MoreTechnology Is A Wonderful And Ever Advancing Science That1731 Words   |  7 Pageschildren in each day thus leading to more problems for society. It is important for parents and teens to talk about setting guidelines for what the child is allowed to do on a smartphone or the internet. Parents need to spend time learning all that they can about the different social media applications so that the children do not have the ability to use these effectively enough to hide activities from their parents. It has been found that 94% of parents talk to their children about what is appropriate

The Stolen Generation Free Essays

With a sudden jerk, squealing of the brakes and a loud puff of the steam engine, the train shunted forward. Fear gripped my heart. Barry and Widdy had bewildered looks on their faces, glancing at me and then at each other. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stolen Generation or any similar topic only for you Order Now I stared out of the window as we slowly pulled out of the station. I was very confused by all the women standing on the platform watching us and wailing. Then I saw her. There was my mum in her only good blue dress standing next to my aunts with tears rolling down their cheeks too fast to wipe away. Then mum waved a white hanky and I pressed my face against the window pane as hard as I could, watching her. Watching until her blue dress faded into a tiny dot of colour. I looked back at the station for as long as I could until she was out of sight. (Meehan, 2000, pg31) This extract from Donna Meehan’s autobiography, ‘Its no Secret,’ recounts a major event in her life. Like many aboriginal children during the 19th century, she was taken away from her family, taken away without an explanation to a so called better place, a place where she could take up a European way of life, learn to be read and write and blend into society, a place that would make her forget her Aboriginal culture, forget her family and finally forget her true identity. This essay will outline the origins and operations of the removal policy. The practice of taking Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children began as early as 1804; however the removal of aboriginal children only became legal in 1905, under the Aborigines Act in Western Australia. This legislation authorised the removal of all aboriginal children and meant that a Chief Protector was made the legal guardian of every Aboriginal and ‘half-caste’ child under the age of twenty-one. These children were then sent to missions and settlements, where it was proposed that their living standards would improve. Chief Protector Cook assured in 1911; ‘Children are removed form the evil influence of the aboriginal camp with its lack or moral training and its risk or serious organic infectious disease. They are properly fed, clothed and educated as white children; they are subjected to constant medical supervision and in receipt to domestic and vocational training. ‘ However Xavier Herbert, and acting superintendent of the Darwin Half-Caste Home stated his experiences mentioning that ‘ the porridge was cooked the day before, already sour and covered in mould, and when doused with thin milk, gave up the corpses of the weevils by the score. The bread was even worse, stringy grey wrapped around solid glue, the whole cased in charcoal. ‘ This recount of the living conditions of aboriginal children during the 90’s clearly shows that although it has been encouraged for us to believe that the separation of Aboriginal children from their parents, families and communities during the 19th century was in the best interests, it has simply become known to many as one of the most disturbing epochs in Australia’s history. According to the official government report, at least 30,000 children were removed from their parents, and this figure may be substantially higher as the report notes that formal records of removals were very poorly kept. Percentage estimates state that 10-30% of all Aboriginal children born during this seventy year period were removed. During the late 19th century the educated opinion in Australia seems, to have generally been of the view that the full-blooded Aborigine represented a dying race, destined to extinction. In the first decades of the twentieth century the emergence of mixed decent children became apparent, these children being; born to Aboriginal mothers who had had sexual encounters with European and sometimes Chinese or Pacific Islander males. Immediately these children were labelled half-caste by Australian settlers and were viewed as a growing fearful social problem. On the ‘social ladder’ in the early years Europeans held the highest rung and the Australian Aborigine held the bottom, this meant that any union made between European and an Aboriginal that resulted in progeny was looked upon with total disgust and alarm. Statistical evidence during these years showed although the full blooded Aborigine was dying out, the number of half caste children was booming, so much so that at the time it was thought that in fifty to a hundred years Australia would be threatened by a population of several hundred thousand Aborigine-European hybrids. To stop this problem eventuating legislation was put into place to enable the removal of Aboriginal and half caste children from their families and communities. In all states and territories policeman and other agents began to locate and transfer babies of mixed decent, from their mothers into institutions. It was thought that if these children grew up in an institution away from their family where they where taught to despise their aboriginal inheritance and forced to forget their Aboriginal culture then mixed descent and aboriginal children would blend into the industrial sector of Australia and hopefully marry white Australian settlers, have children and eventually their aboriginality would be bred out, leaving behind a ‘pure’ white Australian race, this process was known as assimilation. It then must be asked was the removal of Aboriginal children done in the best interests of the child or was it simply done in the best interests of Australia. (Appendix one: OHT CARTOON – â€Å"WERE’ DOING THIS FOR OUR OWN GOOD. â€Å") Although we may not know it, we have all been influenced by society in one way or another to believe that our culture and way of life are superior to all others. This attitude, commonly referred to as racism has occurred for many years amongst different generations and cultures and would have been particularly prominent in the early 19th century. It was believed in this specific era that everything revolved around the Great Chain of Being and according to this concept everything was put into a particular order according to their importance to the rest of the world. It was thought at the time that the Aborigine (appendix two: OHT WITH HEADS ON IT), was the â€Å"lowest and most degraded of the human species,† and with this idea deeply engrained into the minds of all the early white settlers it is easy to comprehend how they at the time, assumed that a white life would be beneficial for all Australian Aboriginal children. It is simple to see how this assumption was reached when the settlers observed the living standards of the Aboriginal people. (Video: TIMEFRAME: 1967 – CITIZENS AT LAST) Although the overall main objective was to try and breed the Australian Aboriginal out to a point of extinction in order to achieve a pure white Australia, there were many who believed that taking aboriginal children from their families was actually in their best interests. The settlers honestly believed that a white life had so much more to offer in the means of employment, social status, living standards and opportunities and when they saw malnourished aboriginal children with weepy eyes and flies in the corners of their mouths they became convinced that their assumptions were correct. Many stolen Aboriginal children had a happy life with their white parents and gained in many ways from a European upbringing. For instance Sally Kid who was one of the stolen children stated that she â€Å"was very fortunate when she was removed from her family as she went to very loving and caring parents and she believed that the love was mutual. † There were many children who were treated appropriately and many white foster parents raised their aboriginal children as if they were there own, however one should stop and think of what effect this had on Aboriginal mothers who missed out on important parts of their child’s lives. (Appendix three: OHT – â€Å"MOTHER AND NO BABY†) Apendix four: STATISTICS SHEET) The social impacts of forced removal have been measured and found to be quite severe. This study found that there have been no improvements in the social position of â€Å"removed† Aborigines as compared to â€Å"non-removed†, particularly in the areas of employment and post-secondary education. Most notably, the study indicated that removed Aboriginals were actually less likely to have completed a secondary education, three times as likely to have acquired a police record and were twice as likely to use illicit drugs. The only notable advantage â€Å"removed† Aboriginals possessed was a higher average income, which the report noted was most likely due to the increased urbanisation of removed individuals, and hence greater access to welfare payments than for Aboriginals living in tribal communities. In the 1970’s the removal of aboriginal and half cast children began to stop and organizations were set up to return stolen aboriginal children to their rightful families. It was not until September 1994 that the first legal suit went forward in regard to the stolen generation. Aboriginals that had been taken from their parents during the decades of the assimilation policy prepared a landmark High Court case alleging that Australian governments practiced genocide in breach of the United Nations international convention. Many legal suits have gone through the courts since that particular time, however a final resolution has not yet been reached. In conclusion I believe that there are many plausible arguments from both those of the stolen generation and those who condemned the removal. From a maternal aspect I believe that it was immorally wrong to take aboriginal and half-caste children from their mothers and families however, it is easy to understand how looking through racist spectacles one could see their race as superior to all others, and in thinking this, assume that it would be in the best interests of the inferior race to adopt the culture of the advanced. The stolen generation is a very delicate topic which still today evokes many different kinds of emotions. The distressing factor of this issue is that it will never be fully resolved, as some Australian aborigines are genuinely thankful for a white upbringing and then there are others who still dispute it. The removal policy was simply a well intentioned plan that went horribly wrong, however one thing can be assured, those who were removed from their families will be remembered by both Aboriginal and White Australian communities for many more generations to come. How to cite The Stolen Generation, Papers The Stolen Generation Free Essays Explain the Stolen Generation (when did it occur/who was responsible and why government officials believed they were justified in taking these actions). The Stolen Generation was a very lonely and depressing time for the indigenous people of Australia. It lasted an overwhelming 60 years in which an estimated 100 000 aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children were forcibly removed from their families and land to be raised in homes or adopted by white families. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stolen Generation or any similar topic only for you Order Now This Policy was designed to ‘breed out’ Indigenous people until there was none left. These children became known as the ‘Stolen Generations’. The forced removal of these Indigenous children became an official government policy from 1909 to 1969. However these acts of removing Indigenous children from their homes occurred before and after these dates. The Aborigines Protection Board (APB) managed this removal policy; Governments, Churches and welfare bodies all took part in this operation. The Government gave the APB the power to forcibly remove Indigenous children without parental consent and without a court order in 1909. Children were to be fixated to an institution or mission dormitory, fostered or adopted. The Government under the White Australia and Assimilation Policies tried to encourage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who were not of pure blood to become incorporated into the broader community of white Australian’s so that eventually there would be no Indigenous people left. At the current time the white Australians thought they were superior to the Indigenous people and that they were doing them a favour by giving them an education and clothing them, even though they only educated them to a certain extent so that they could work as labourers or servants. Children were extracted from their Indigenous culture so they could be brought up white and ‘taught’ to reject their Aboriginality. These children were distributed to institutions and from roughly the 1950’s were also allocated to white families. The APB only educated the Aboriginal children so that they could become labourers or servants, so their education was very poor. They did not educate them to a satisfactory ‘white’ standard because the white people could stay in power and hold the higher positions in society. The Aboriginal girls that were forcibly removed from their families were sent to homes and facilities authorized by the Board to be trained in domestic service. The white people did not understand or respect the Aboriginal people or their way of life, this also meant that the people who supported the policy thought they were doing the ‘right thing’. Some of these people also believed the aboriginal people lived impecunious and unrewarding lives and that the institutions they were placed in would be a more appropriate environment in which the Aboriginal people could better themselves. The white people thought the Aboriginals were stupid and had no tools or houses and could not provide for themselves. When in-fact they were just so blind to the fact that the Aboriginal culture was based off living as one with the earth and the white people couldn’t perceive and accept their way of life. The dominant, bigoted racist views that were part of the white society and government at the time also meant that people believed that Aboriginal people were bad parents and that the Aboriginal women did not feed or look after their children accordingly. They didn’t realize that the Indigenous people lived of the land and used the nuts and plants for medicine, they only took what they needed from the land. They were not greedy, unlike white people who harvested massive crops and wore fancy clothing. So the white people took it upon themselves to try and exterminate the aborigines by breeding them with white people until there was none left. No one really knows how many Indigenous people were taken from their homes and lands, because most records of this tragic time have been lost or destroyed. Countless parents never saw their children who were stolen from them, siblings were prepensely separated from each other and most never saw each other again. To this day many Aboriginal people do not know who their relatives are or have been unable to track them down due to this appalling and shameful policy Australia enforced in an attempt to assimilate the Aboriginal population during 1909-1996, meaning that even today there are Aboriginal people as young as their late 40’s and 50’s who are members of the Stolen Generation. ) Discuss the varying experiences members of the stolen generation had; including where they were taken and the conditions in which they lived. Experiences throughout the stolen generation vary quite allot, especially gender wise, generally the men found it difficult and tried to escape from where they were sent. On the other hand the women generally had lots of fond memories although it was very difficult at the time because they were separated fr om their parents at a very young age. Depending on wether you were female or male, you would be taken to different locations, the women were often taken to farms as servants and waiters, the men were normally taken to institutions where they would be trained to become labourers. Both genders were at first taken to missions that were usually religious based. At these missions they would be taught how to speak and dress like a white person. Once they were of a satisfactory standard, they would be placed in different locations, women as maids, servants and cooks and the men as stockmen, labourers or other tedious jobs. Even though they had jobs, the Aboriginal workers would not get paid. If they were lucky they would be left in their country ( their land/are they called home), this was very important to them because their country was part of their life. In the Aboriginal community they believe that being on country is a nurturing experience for them, in other words if they look after their country, the country will look after them. Its their duty to look after the land, and when they are separated from it, they cannot do this, which brings them great suffering and pain. From the point in which they were taken and separated from their family, friends and country, they were not permitted to speak their own language and could only speak English, if they did speak their own language they were severely punished. They had to dress and behave like white people. They were displaced, their whole culture was stripped from them, they were put into a situation on a cultural level to survive, and were totally at the mercy of the white people. My Grandfather is an Anthropologist (Gary Watson) and has spent the last 8 years in Western Australia working with the Wadjarri Yamatji tribe. In the Wadjarri language Yamatji roughly translates to Aboriginal. One of his friends from the tribe is a member of the stolen generation and gave my grandfather some examples of the cultural displacement he went through; when he was first taken from his land and family he had a girlfriend, and he would constantly escape from the institution to go and see her. They would always come and take him back, he could not understand why they would want to keep him from her. He was severely punished every time he escaped but he continued to escape to go and see her. Another experience he told my grandfather was when they told him to sleep inside the house, for him this was absurd. why would he sleep inside, he had never slept inside his whole life. To this day he hates sleeping inside, even in a little tin shed when they’re out in the bush. Allot of the Aboriginals couldn’t and still cant understand why the white people would want to take them away and confine them and tell them not to be themselves. All these experiences have left a lasting impression, to this day these experiences affect the members of the stolen generation. Lots of the men get very angry when u bring the topic up, more so because they were done wrongly just because they were black. Bibliography Reference Material My Grandfather is an Anthropologist (Gary Watson) Spent last 8 years in Western Australia working with the Wadjarri Yamatji tribe. Horton, David, The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia, Aboriginal Studies Press, Volume 1, 1994 The World Book Encyclopaedia, World Book, North Michigan, Volume 1, 2005 The Australian Encyclopaedia, Australian Geographic Society, Sydney, Volume 1, 1988 History Books Barwick, John and Jennifer, Aboriginal Australia, Heinemann, Melbourne, 2009 Bird, Carmel (ed), The Stolen Generation, Random House, Sydney, 1998 Internet Source http://reconciliaction. org. au How to cite The Stolen Generation, Papers The Stolen Generation Free Essays The stolen generation †¦. The degradation and the sheer brutality of the act of physically separating a mother from her children is a deep assault on our senses and on our most elemental humanity†¦. The stolen generation is the name given to the generation of aboriginal and Torres strait islander children that were removed from their families and placed into institutions where they were forced to forget their aboriginality. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stolen Generation or any similar topic only for you Order Now These children were then given a poor education and were sent into the homes of white Australians to be servants or labourers. The government and churches around Australia had an ignorant and uneducated view about the native aboriginals and how they chose to live. They thought that aboriginal families lived poor and unrewarding lives; they believed they were doing the right thing and were helping the children by removing them from their homes and families. They believed that aboriginal people were bad parents and that the women did not look after their children. No records were kept of the children that were taken and siblings were deliberately separated, today many people do not know where or if they have brothers or sisters out there. This had destroyed families and torn them apart. They were forced to go through the unimaginable and were treated as slaves. You and me, we were not direct causes of this. This was our ancestors. A generation before we were born. We had not yet even existed when this was happening all over Australian yet it took all these years for an apology to be given to the people of the stolen generation On the 13th of February 2008 the prime minister Kevin Rudd apologised on behalf of all of Australia for the way that the people of the stolen generation were treated. This is what he said: â€Å"We apologise especially for the removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families, their communities and their country. â€Å"For the pain, suffering and hurt of these Stolen Generations, their descendants and for their families left behind, we say sorry. â€Å"To the mothers and the fathers, the brothers and the sisters, for the breaking up of families and communities, we say sorry. â€Å"And for the indignity and degradation thus inflicted on a proud people and a proud culture, we say sorry. â€Å" How to cite The Stolen Generation, Papers

Co-Opetition free essay sample

In most business theories, competition is seen as one of the key force that keeps organisations innovative and lean. To be able to survive in a market, organisations have had to engage in competitive strategies. On the other hand, theorists have begun to realize that to also survive, organisation may be inclined to cooperate with their competitors. Thus, new theories of collaboration, networking, cooperating and sharing are beginning to be forecast and written on. One of the theories is of co-opetition. This article critiques, Zineldins article on Co-opetition: the organisation of the future . In his article, Zineldin claims that the organisation of the future will have to collaborate and cooperate with its competitors. Zineldin states that companies need to consider the potential benefits of collaborating, cooperating and coordinating with their competitors. He terms this strategy as co-opetition. Thus, business strategies and activities should aim for the establishment of mutually beneficial partnership relationship with other actors in the organisation’s network, including their competitors. The fundamental role for the organisation of the future will be to create and develop processes of strategic co-opetition that will enhance long-term relationships, retention and loyalty. Five main advantages for co-opetiton outlined are, sharing of knowledge, pooling of competencies, increased incentives to take risks and proactively in product development. For this co-opetition strategy to work there should be trust and commitment among players. Creating co-opetition has both a cost and value. For a company, it takes time to develop such a relationship and the time factor may after the parties’ profitability. Hence, those involved must have a common philosophy, clear goal of what they want to achieve. Zineldin identifies that individual willingness motivation, interdependence, culture fit, integration and integrity, organisational arrangement and institutinalisation criteria should be met before forming a co-opetition strategy. Zineldin furthermore identifies short benefits of these strategies. These are reduction of transaction costs, cost of joint ventures and access to vast amount of knowledge of a company’s particular market He states that many organisations today are competing through cooperation rather than just competition by establishing formal or informal strategic alliances and networks that range from exchange of technology and markets to industrial mega deals. Some examples given are Mitsubishi Volvo, IBM Volvo and Apple, IBM Motorola. Furthermore, co-opetition will lead to economies of scale, lower prices, a skilled labour force, high level of RD and so on, so forth. On the other side, this strategy can be of disadvantage to companies. For example, other costs can be created, such as time and resources used to build the relationships and return on investment can take a long time to calculate. Companies may take advantage of the more vulnerable company. ANALYSES It could be said that Zineldin wrote on a valid point. Although it is not a new concept, (first coined by Ray Noorda, the founder of Novell) he has somehow managed to summaries the concept in a simplified way. The article lacks evidences; he has not done any empirical study thus a lacking of critical evidence makes the article more of hearsay than of a positive study. It is of a normative study nature. Most research on competition has been on vertical relationship between organisation such as value added supply chain or distribution rather than horizontal relationships. Zineldin does not say which competitor to cooperate with in the organisations network. Furthermore there is not clear example and measurement of the success and this strategy Although there is insufficient amount of information and success measurement from Zineldin, there seems to be support for this strategy of coopetition. Authors such as Adam Brandenburger of the Harvard Business School and Barry Nalebuff of the Yale School of Management, who have together written on the subject in their book in titled coopetition. On their webpage, http://mayet. som. yale. edu/coopetition/index2. html. they talk of game theory which suggested that businesses can gain advantage by mixing competition and cooperation. â€Å"Cooperation with suppliers, customers and firms producing complementary or related products can lead to expansion of the market and the formation of new business relationships, perhaps even the creation of new forms of enterprise†. 19. 9. 2007) Anand Ramanathan (2007)takes the strategy further by dividing co-opetition into vertical and horizontal co-opetition. He studies co-opetition in the Indian retail market. In horizontal co-operation, he states that here, markets consist of few suppliers and a large number of intermediaries and retailers. â€Å"Horizontal co-opetition between suppliers i s limited to a co-existence philosophy where the rivals know each other, know the positions they have and do not frequently challenge each other’s position†. Anand Ramanathan (2007) Vertical Co-opetition is similar to horizontal co-opetition but co-opetition is between the supplier and their partner and is primarily driven by co-ordination objectives rather than any overarching need to collaborate and build structural linkages. The concept seems to have been taken up most enthusiastically in the computer industry, where strategic alliances are common in order to develop new products and markets, particularly between software and hardware firms. Co-opetition is frequently seen in computer and technology-oriented industries where rapid technology advances will often encourage competitors to work together due to advances by other competitive organisations. A recent example of this is between IBM and Sun Microsystems. In The New Yorks Times (2007), it was stated that two long time rivals in computing, IBM and Sun Microsystems, plan to cooperate on server technologies. This could put pressure on their big competitor Hewlett-Packard. Sun’s chief executive, Jonathan Schwartz, said in the article that the new comprehensive relationship brought a tectonic shift in the market landscape. This coopetition will enable Sun’s Solaris operating system to run on International Business Machine servers enabling it to earn more market and it also spells advantage for sun solaris customers to be ale to switch to IBM. Our view is when you make your products available on other people’s platforms, you just meet more customers, which just gives you more opportunities, Mr. Schwartz said. (2007) Another example of co-opetition would be the American car history written by Adam Brandenburger and Elizabeth Stein. The American car industry is a good example to understand how with co-opetition can help in an industry. When the earliest petrol car was established, there was no road system, petrol stations and other complimentary products and services. Thus, couldnt enter into widespread use without a constellation of complementary products and services. The demand for the car helped in the establishment of the industry. Both sparse population and the need to travel a significant distance daily, for work or for other purposes, increased the demand for automobiles. Changes in the provision of rural services, as well as the rise of the suburbs, gave the automobile and its culture a significant boost. Adam Brandenburger et. al 19. 9. 2007) As the industry began to grow, other services began to be established as a result. Petrol stations, garages, companies offering financial relieve to a customer who could not afford to buy the car. The government also stepped in helping to establish the transportations system by building roads and outlining maps. Manufacturers themselves provided complements for their industry either on their own or by co-opetition with one another or the government, when neither government nor ortune alone provided the complements they needed to get their product off the ground. For example, early in the twentieth century the auto industry realized that mass auto ownership would need financing options. Banks, which were concerned about people depleting their savings by purchasing cars, did not rush forward to provide credit to the masses. (Adam Brandenburger et. al 19. 9. 2007) The car industry as a whole, took initiatives to provide this service to their customers. The advantages reaped by the cooperating car maker and their customers were unquestionably impressive. One of the most interesting features of the automobile industry is this example it has given to the world of efficiency and co-operation. We are not surprised at efficiency in the steel business or the oil business, because they are industries conducted practically by one man power; and if autocratic rule is not efficient, its last excuse for being right might appear to have ceased to exist; but to find several hundred different manufacturers with divergent ambitions, ideals and interests benevolently engaged in co-operative competition, justifies, it would seem, the optimism which sees the world as growing better. Adam Brandenburger et. al 19. 9. It could be said that the concept of co-opetition lacks a clear empirical study, of how it works and what are the strategies to make it work. A further research would be to take an industry that is practising co-opetition and making a thorough empirical study to try and understand what the criteria for the co-opetition are, which competitor to choose and how can this strategy be divided. Zineldin’s concept of co-opetition is not new. For an organisation to succeed in its market, it would be said that organisation of the future ought to also cooperate with their rivalries to gain the advantaged that Zineldin outlined. An ancient Chinese proverb say †he who cannot agree with his enemies is controlled by them. †